{"id":2783,"date":"2025-03-17T21:45:38","date_gmt":"2025-03-17T18:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=2783"},"modified":"2025-03-17T21:45:39","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T18:45:39","slug":"mandalarin-biyolojik-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=2783","title":{"rendered":"MANDALARIN B\u0130YOLOJ\u0130K \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0130lk aylarda malaklar (buza\u011f\u0131) s\u0131k ve uzun k\u0131llar ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olgu k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde daha fazlad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e k\u0131llar arka ve orta k\u0131s\u0131mda d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Daha sonra \u00f6n k\u0131s\u0131mlarda d\u00f6k\u00fclme olur. 12\u201314 ayl\u0131k mandalar k\u0131l \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zun ve ince k\u0131llar d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ergine yak\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahiptir.. Alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k mandalar 145\u2013155 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. G\u00f6zleri parlak ve canl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayakta iken bacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya toplamamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015f ince ve narin olmal\u0131d\u0131r. 18\u201320 ayl\u0131k mandalar\u0131 dam\u0131zl\u0131k ay\u0131rmak isabet derecesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha uygundur. Bu ya\u015flarda v\u00fccut yap\u0131lar\u0131 yeterince geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7bir zaman d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri verimliliklerini garanti etmez. \u0130deal olan\u0131 verim kay\u0131tlar\u0131 tutmak bireyin kendi ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n verimlerine g\u00f6re dam\u0131zl\u0131k(genetik) de\u011fer konusunda karar vermektir.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

   Ergin dam\u0131zl\u0131klar orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte nazik kafa yap\u0131s\u0131nda, boynuzlar\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131vr\u0131k boyun k\u0131sm\u0131 orta uzunlukta derin ve k\u0131v\u0131rc\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131rt\u0131 do\u011fru, hafif\u00e7e bas\u0131k, arka k\u0131sm\u0131 geni\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dam\u0131zl\u0131k ya\u015fta mandalar 385-415kg canl\u0131
a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Serbest bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mandalar yabanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcrkektir. Ah\u0131rda bak\u0131lan mandalar yabanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 sakindirler. Mandalar sahiplerine \u00e7ok ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer sahibi iyi bakarsa aralar\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k olur. Mandalar hi\u00e7bir zaman k\u00f6t\u00fc ve hor bak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ile s\u00fct verimini hemen keser. Erkek dam\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n v\u00fccut geli\u015fimine dikkat edilmelidir. G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs k\u0131sm\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131rt\u0131 do\u011fru ve uzun olmal\u0131. Arka bacaklar\u0131 ve t\u0131rnaklar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmeli. Erkek cinsiyet organlar\u0131n\u0131n fonksiyonelli\u011fi tam olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Deri ve K\u0131llanma:<\/strong>
   Yeni do\u011fmu\u015f buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccudu s\u0131k ve \u00e7ok k\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. 8\u201310 ayl\u0131ktan sonra orta ve \u00f6n k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda k\u0131llar uzar ve seyrekle\u015fir. 16\u201318 ayl\u0131k mandalarda k\u0131llar k\u0131sal\u0131r ve \u00e7ok seyrekle\u015fir. K\u0131llar derinin rengindedir (siyah-kahverengi). Kuyruk ucu, aln\u0131 ve ayaklar\u0131nda beyaz lekeler olu\u015fur. Murrah, Nilli Vari, Kundi mandalar\u0131 siyah, koyu gri rengindedir. Kahverengi mandalar genellikle Hindistan, Pakistan ve Afganistan\u201fda bulunur. Beyaz mandalar\u0131n hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Tayland, Vietnam, Endonezya\u201fda bulunurlar. Alaca mandalar Avustralya ve Brezilya\u201fda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Mandalar\u0131n derileri di\u011fer evcil hayvanlara g\u00f6re daha kal\u0131nd\u0131r. Genellikle s\u0131rt k\u0131sm\u0131 ve bacaklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 taraflar\u0131 en incedir. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Di\u015fi mandalar\u0131n derileri 35-45kg d\u0131r. 400-450kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mandalar\u0131n derileri 30kg d\u0131r. Mandalar\u0131n derileri s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara g\u00f6re daha a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Mandalarda \u00e7ok az ter bezi vard\u0131r. Terledikleri zaman \u00e7ok az s\u0131cakl\u0131k atarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Beden s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 37,5\u201339 dereceler aras\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u015fi mandalarda bu de\u011fer ortalama 38,1 derecedir. Bir ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan buza\u011f\u0131larda 0,2\u20130,5 derece daha y\u00fcksektir. Gebelik ve laktasyon d\u00f6nemlerinde beden s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 0,5\u20130,6 derece daha y\u00fcksektir. \u0130yi beslenmi\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n zay\u0131f hayvanlara g\u00f6re beden s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir. Mandalar g\u00f6lge ve suyu sever. G\u00fcne\u015fte kalmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015fte kal\u0131rlarsa gevi\u015f getiremezler, huysuzla\u015f\u0131rlar, salyalar\u0131 ve burundan ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olur.Do\u011fa \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kanma ile ayarlarlar. S\u0131cak yaz mevsimlerinde b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcn\u00fc suda ge\u00e7irirler. Yaln\u0131z otlanmak i\u00e7in sudan \u00e7\u0131karlar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mandalar s\u0131ca\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 daha duyarl\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Buza\u011f\u0131larda nab\u0131z dakikada 62-72 d\u0131r. Nab\u0131z, ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a azal\u0131r 40-54\u201fe d\u00fc\u015fer. Di\u015fi mandalarda ortalama 42-56\u201fd\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n artmas\u0131, nemin artmas\u0131 ile nab\u0131zda artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Soluma say\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara g\u00f6re daha azd\u0131r. Dakikada nefes al\u0131p verme 20-27 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 hayvanlarda daha y\u00fcksektir. Havalar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131na, nemin artmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 solunum artar. Dakikada 70 e \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Dinlenme y\u0131kanma solunumu normale getirir. Gebe hayvanlarda solunum daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Mandan\u0131n v\u00fccut \u00f6zellikleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Geni\u015f ve derin g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesine sahiptirler. Kafalar\u0131 orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte uzun y\u00fcz yap\u0131lar\u0131, k\u0131sa al\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131 geni\u015f ve ileri do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6zleri orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte en fazla siyah beyaz (\u00e7ak\u0131r) olabilir. G\u00f6zleri parlakt\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara g\u00f6re boynuzlar\u0131n temeline daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Boynuzlar\u0131 yana ve arkaya do\u011fru uzan\u0131r. Di\u015filerde boynuzlar daha uzundur. Erkeklerde daha k\u0131sa fakat kal\u0131nd\u0131r. Hareket halinde kafalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek tutar ve a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Akdeniz mandalar\u0131nda boyun k\u0131sm\u0131 orta uzunluktad\u0131r.
   Murrah \u0131rk\u0131nda boyun k\u0131sm\u0131 ince ve uzundur. S\u0131rt\u0131 k\u0131sa geni\u015f ve oturakl\u0131d\u0131r. Arka k\u0131sm\u0131 geni\u015f sark\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Kuyruk k\u0131sm\u0131 ise ince ve uzun ayak bileklerine kadar uzan\u0131r. G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs k\u0131sm\u0131 geni\u015f ve derindir.Genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f f\u0131\u00e7\u0131 bi\u00e7imdedir. Kar\u0131nlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bak\u0131m Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Th\u0131nd ve G\u0131ll (1986) da yapt\u0131klar\u0131 serbest sistemde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00fct veren mandalarda bir y\u0131l be\u015f mevsimsel periyodu i\u00e7eren 24 saatlik g\u00f6zleme g\u00f6re davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6zelliklerini izleme ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda yem yemenin \u00e7oklukla sabah ve ak\u015fam sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra oldu\u011funu az miktarda \u00f6\u011fle ve gece yar\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011funu tespit etmi\u015flerdir. Gevi\u015f davran\u0131\u015f ise yeme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan vuku bulmu\u015ftur.
   Mandalar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 defa yaz\u0131n 4 defa su i\u00e7tikleri g\u00f6zlendi. Ah\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan mandalar\u0131n zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n % 27 si yem yeme % 30\u201fu gevi\u015f getirme % 34\u201f\u00fc istirahat\u201f (yat\u0131p uzanma) harcad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Schultz ve ark., 1977). Otlayan mandalarda da benzer sonu\u00e7lar g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Bud ve ark., 1985). Odyou ve ark (1994) bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda s\u00fct veren mandalar\u0131n g\u00fcnd\u00fcz daha ziyade yeme, y\u00fcr\u00fcme, gece ise gevi\u015f ve uyuma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 sergiledikleri, yeme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fleden \u00f6nce 4.9 \u00f6\u011fleden sonra 1, 3,7 de yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gevi\u015fin ise \u00f6\u011fle saatlerinde en az sabah erken ve ak\u015fam ge\u00e7 saatlerde en fazla oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Benzer \u015fekilde en yo\u011fun uyuma zaman\u0131 \u00f6\u011fleden \u00f6nce 11 ve \u00f6\u011fleden sonra 3 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAKLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. SOYSAL M. ihsan, T\u00fcrkiye Manda Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Wikipedia & FAO<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0130lk aylarda malaklar (buza\u011f\u0131) s\u0131k ve uzun k\u0131llar ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olgu k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde daha fazlad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e k\u0131llar arka ve orta k\u0131s\u0131mda d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Daha sonra \u00f6n k\u0131s\u0131mlarda d\u00f6k\u00fclme olur. 12\u201314 ayl\u0131k mandalar k\u0131l \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zun ve ince k\u0131llar d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ergine yak\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahiptir.. Alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k mandalar 145\u2013155 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. G\u00f6zleri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85,92],"tags":[635,211,637],"class_list":["post-2783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hayvan","category-manda","tag-biyolojik","tag-manda","tag-ozellikler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2783","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2783"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2783\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2786,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2783\/revisions\/2786"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2783"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2783"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2783"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}