{"id":1242,"date":"2024-06-06T15:45:45","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T12:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1242"},"modified":"2024-06-06T18:06:41","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T15:06:41","slug":"etlik-damizlik-tavuklarin-beslenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1242","title":{"rendered":"Etlik Dam\u0131zl\u0131k Tavuklar\u0131n Beslenmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde et ve yumurta tavuk\u00e7ulu\u011funda hibritler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ticari et veya yumurta y\u00f6nl\u00fc civcivlerin elde edildi\u011fi ebeveynlerin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi i\u015fletmeye dam\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 i\u015fletme denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticari et veya yumurta y\u00f6nl\u00fc civcivlerin elde edildi\u011fi ebeveyn s\u00fcr\u00fc, parent stock (PS) veya ana\u00e7 s\u00fcr\u00fc; parent stock s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn elde edildi\u011fi s\u00fcr\u00fc ise grand parent stock (GPS), ana dam\u0131zl\u0131k veya b\u00fcy\u00fck ebeveyn s\u00fcr\u00fc \u015feklinde ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etlik pili\u00e7 dam\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131; \u00e7ok say\u0131da optimal \u00f6zelliklerde yumurta \u00fcretmek, bu yumurtalar\u0131n d\u00f6ll\u00fcl\u00fck oranlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek ve yumurtalardan \u00e7\u0131kan civcivlerin iyi kalitede olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n yerine getirilebilmesi dam\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n iyi \u015fekilde beslenmelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n

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  1. Civciv ve Pili\u00e7 D\u00f6nemindeki Besleme:<\/strong> Civciv ve pili\u00e7 d\u00f6nemi 0-20 haftal\u0131k periyodu i\u00e7erisine alan d\u00f6nemdir. Kulu\u00e7kadan yeni \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir civciv, ilk 72 saatlik s\u00fcrede anadan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yumurta sar\u0131s\u0131 ile beslenebilir. Ancak, su rezervi sadece v\u00fccudundaki metabolik su olup bir g\u00fcn yetebilir. Bu nedenle k\u00fcmese getirilen civcivlerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde mutlaka % 5-10 d\u00fczeyinde \u015feker ihtiva eden taze \u0131l\u0131k su haz\u0131r olarak bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yem yemeden \u00f6nce hayvanlar\u0131n bu sudan i\u00e7meleri sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eekerli suyun amac\u0131 bo\u015f olan ba\u011f\u0131rsaklardaki at\u0131k maddelerin (mekonyum) at\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yumurtadan yeni \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan civcivlere enerji vererek diren\u00e7lerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Civcivlere ilk g\u00fcn verilen \u015fekerli su ikinci g\u00fcn bitmemi\u015fse d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u015eeker mikrobiyel faaliyetler i\u00e7in uygun bir ortam olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in suluklar iyice y\u0131kan\u0131r ve temiz su ile doldurulur. Civcivlere \u015fekerli suyu i\u00e7melerinden 2-3 saat sonra yem verilir. Civciv d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle iskelet, t\u00fcylenme, immun ve kardiovask\u00fcler sistemin geli\u015fmesinin iyi olmas\u0131 temel hedeftir. Bu durum dikkate al\u0131narak rasyonlarda enerji ve protein bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin yemler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Nitekim bu d\u00f6nemde Tablo 16.5’de de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere hayvanlar 2800 kcal\/kg ME ve % 18-20 ham protein i\u00e7eren rasyonlarla beslenirler. Et y\u00f6nl\u00fc di\u015fi dam\u0131zl\u0131klar, yumurta y\u00f6nl\u00fc dam\u0131zl\u0131klara g\u00f6re daha fazla yem yeme e\u011filimindedirler ve y\u00fcksek canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kal\u0131tsal kabiliyete sahiptirler. Bu dam\u0131zl\u0131klar, izin verilirse 8-9 haftal\u0131k ya\u015fta, 20 haftal\u0131k ya\u015fta sahip olabilecekleri canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fabilirler. Bu nedenle etlik pili\u00e7 ana\u00e7lar\u0131na daha erken ya\u015fta kontroll\u00fc yemleme uygulamak zorunludur. H\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmenin kontrol edilebilmesi i\u00e7in yumurtacilara g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 hafta kadar erken ya\u015fta yem k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. Aksi takdirde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yem t\u00fcketimi ile ya\u011flanma sonucu verim d\u00f6neminde \u00fcreme d\u00fczeyinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yemlemenin yumurtlama d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flang\u0131cinda standartlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde veya alt\u0131nda canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeyecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmaSi gereklidir. Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n standartlardan y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00fcr\u00fc erken yumurtaya girer, ya\u011flanma nedeniyle pik verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kal\u0131r ve yumurtalar\u0131n d\u00f6ll\u00fcl\u00fck oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131 standartlardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funda ise s\u00fcr\u00fc yumurtaya ge\u00e7 girer ve pik verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olur. Bunlar\u0131n sonucunda dam\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fcden elde edilecek d\u00f6ll\u00fc yumurta ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 civciv say\u0131s\u0131nda azalmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kontrol\u00fc amac\u0131yla civciv b\u00fcy\u00fctme d\u00f6neminin ilk 2-3 haftas\u0131nda serbest yemleme yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ya\u015ftan itibaren verim d\u00f6neminin sonuna kadar canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler dikkate al\u0131narak kontroll\u00fc yemleme programlar\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Kontroll\u00fc yemlemenin esas\u0131 ise sadece yeti\u015ftirilen \u0131rk\u0131n gereksinim duydu\u011fu yem miktar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesidir. Et y\u00f6nl\u00fc dam\u0131zl\u0131klardan istenilen d\u00fczeyde kulu\u00e7kal\u0131k yumurta alabilmek i\u00e7in civciv ve pili\u00e7 d\u00f6neminde v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcniformitesini de sa\u011flamak olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Bu nedenle b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc haftadan ba\u015flayarak pili\u00e7ler her hafta, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn, ayn\u0131 saatte, yemlemeden \u00f6nce tart\u0131l\u0131r. Pili\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 700’den az ise % 10′ u, 700’den \u00e7ok ise % 5′ i tart\u0131l\u0131r. Ama tartiya sokulan hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 mutlaka 70’den yukar\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tart\u0131m sonunda hesaplanan ortalama canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, o ya\u015fa ve o irka g\u00f6re yeti\u015ftirici k\u0131lavuzunda belirtilen a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekir. S\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 10 alt\u0131 veya \u00fcst\u00fc normal kabul edilerek bunlara normal bak\u0131m uygulamas\u0131na devam edilir. S\u00fcr\u00fc ortalamas\u0131ndan hafif veya a\u011f\u0131r gelenler ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lmelere al\u0131narak hafif gelenlere fazla yem, a\u011f\u0131r gelenlere de az yem vermek suretiyle s\u00fcr\u00fc ortalamas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 kiloya gelmeleri sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Yumurtlama D\u00f6nemindeki Besleme:<\/strong> Yumurtlama d\u00f6nemindeki besleme, yumurta verimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvanlardan yumurtlama d\u00f6neminde y\u00fcksek performans elde edilmesi isteniyorsa, v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcniformitesine dikkat etmek gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle et\u00e7i dam\u0131zl\u0131k hatlar\u0131n yem t\u00fcketiminin t\u00fcm yumurta verimi boyunca s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir (yaln\u0131z havalar\u0131n s\u0131cak oldu\u011fu zamanlar da uygulanmayabilir). Etlik dam\u0131zl\u0131klarda genellikle 4-24. Haftal\u0131k d\u00f6nemde serbest yemlemenin % 70’i kadar yem verilerek % 30’luk bir yem k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131; 24 haftal\u0131k ya\u015ftan sonra da serbest yemlemenin % 85’i kadar yem verilerek % 15’likbir yem k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Ancak her dam\u0131zl\u0131k hat ve her s\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olabilmektedir. Etlik dam\u0131zl\u0131klarda 22. haftada k\u0131lavuz yumurtalar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Bu s\u00fcreye kadar g\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 beslenen hayvanlar, yumurtlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcnl\u00fck yemlenmeye ba\u015flan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvanlar\u0131n canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131ndan sapma % 5’den daha fazla olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131lavuz yumurtalar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini takip eden 4-6 hafta i\u00e7erisinde yumurta verimi pik seviyeye \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde hayvanlara canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yumurta verimi i\u00e7in yem verilmeli, yumurta verimi pik olana kadar 100 tavu\u011fa verilecek g\u00fcnl\u00fck yem miktar\u0131 her hafta 500-750 gram art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Pik d\u00f6nemine ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra hayvanlara verilecek g\u00fcnl\u00fck yem miktar\u0131 bu seviyede sabit tutulur, ta ki yumurta veriminde % 3-4 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fme oluncaya kadar devam edilir. Pik d\u00f6neminde bir tavu\u011fun g\u00fcnl\u00fck besin madde ihtiyac\u0131 25 gram ham protein, 385 kcal ME ve 2 gram linoleik asittir. Yumurta veriminde % 3-4 oran\u0131nda azalma g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda hayvanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck yem t\u00fcketimleri 5 g\/tavuk\/g\u00fcn d\u00fczeyinde azalt\u0131l\u0131r ve bu oranda sabit tutulur. Yumurta verimi tekrar % 3-4 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hayvanlara verilen yem miktar\u0131 yine 5 g\/tavuk\/g\u00fcn d\u00fczeyinde azalt\u0131l\u0131r. Bu azalma, pik d\u00f6nemde t\u00fcketilen yem miktar\u0131ndan 20-25 gramdan daha fazla olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde yumurta verimi azal\u0131rken, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktaki art\u0131\u015f devam etmektedir. Tablo 16.4 incelendi\u011finde k\u0131lavuz yumurtalar 22. haftal\u0131k ya\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve yumurta verimi 27-28. haftada pik seviyeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pik d\u00f6neminde hayvanlar\u0131n yem t\u00fcketimleri 165 g\/tavuk\/g\u00fcn’e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 30. haftaya kadar bu d\u00fczeyde sabit tutulmu\u015ftur. Pik d\u00f6nemi takip eden haftalarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck yem t\u00fcketimi azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 68. haftaya ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda ise yem t\u00fcketimi 140 g\/tavuk\/g\u00fcn seviyesine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Son y\u0131llarda, etlik dam\u0131zl\u0131klarda ana hatt\u0131na ait di\u015filerle, baba hatt\u0131na ait erkekler<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. haftaya kadar ayr\u0131 yeti\u015ftirildikten sonra yumurtlama k\u00fcmesine al\u0131narak cinsiyete g\u00f6re ayr\u0131 yemlenmektedirler. Bunun i\u00e7in di\u015filere erkeklerin ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n giremeyece\u011fi geni\u015flikte (43-44 mm) \u0131zgaral\u0131 yemlikler ayr\u0131lmakta, erkekler ise di\u015filerin ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fcksekli\u011fe as\u0131lan horoz yemliklerinden yemlenmektedirler. Bu durumda erkekler yumurtlama d\u00f6nemi boyunca %12 ham protein ve % 1 kalsiyum kapsayan yemlerle g\u00fcnde 120 gram dolay\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yemlenmektedirler. Dam\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fclerin ekonomik yumurta verim s\u00fcreleri 280 g\u00fcn (9-10 ay) s\u00fcrer. Bu s\u00fcredeki yumurta verimleri 160-180 adet ve bunlar\u0131n da kulu\u00e7kal\u0131k olanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 150-160 kadard\u0131r. Ergin s\u00fcr\u00fclerdeki en uygun horoz\/tavuk oran\u0131 ise bir horoz i\u00e7in 8-10 tavuktur.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    KAYNAK: HAYVAN BESLEME VE BESLENME HASTALIKLARI ( PROF. DR. MEHMET \u00c7\u0130FT\u00c7\u0130 )<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde et ve yumurta tavuk\u00e7ulu\u011funda hibritler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ticari et veya yumurta y\u00f6nl\u00fc civcivlerin elde edildi\u011fi ebeveynlerin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi i\u015fletmeye dam\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 i\u015fletme denilmektedir. Ticari et veya yumurta y\u00f6nl\u00fc civcivlerin elde edildi\u011fi ebeveyn s\u00fcr\u00fc, parent stock (PS) veya ana\u00e7 s\u00fcr\u00fc; parent stock s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn elde edildi\u011fi s\u00fcr\u00fc ise grand parent stock (GPS), ana dam\u0131zl\u0131k veya b\u00fcy\u00fck ebeveyn s\u00fcr\u00fc \u015feklinde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,91],"tags":[228,125,126],"class_list":["post-1242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kanatlibes","category-tavuk","tag-broiler","tag-etlik","tag-tavuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1242"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1242\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1251,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1242\/revisions\/1251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1242"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1242"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}