{"id":1228,"date":"2024-06-06T15:05:39","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T12:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1228"},"modified":"2024-06-06T15:05:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T12:05:56","slug":"sut-irki-duvelerin-beslenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1228","title":{"rendered":"S\u00dcT IRKI D\u00dcVELER\u0130N BESLENMES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

S\u00fct \u0131rk\u0131 d\u00fcvelerin yeti\u015ftirilmesinde d\u00fcnyaca kabul g\u00f6ren uygulamalar mevcuttur. Bu uygulamalardan en \u00f6nemlisi Amerika\u2019da d\u00fcveler i\u00e7in belirlenen standartlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Standartlar temelinde, rutin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f paraziter m\u00fccadelenin ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n, b\u00f6lgesel \u015fartlar ve riskler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve do\u011fuma 4-8 hafta kala hastal\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu durumlarda, a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131n\u0131n kolostrum antibody kalitesini y\u00fckseltmek ad\u0131na gereklili\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemde, d\u00fcveler 13 -15 ayl\u0131k ya\u015fta, 374 -408 kg CA\u2019da, >127 cm kal\u00e7a y\u00fcksekli\u011finde (hip height) ve >122 cm cidago y\u00fcksekli\u011finde (wither height) tohumlan\u0131rlar. Bu \u015fartlarda tohumlanan d\u00fcveler, 22-24 ayl\u0131k ya\u015fta do\u011fum yaparlar. Tohumlanmadan en az 30 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce d\u00fcveler uygun dozdaki canl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131larla a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rlar. \u0130lk tohumlamada geleneksel sperm ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00f6l tutma oran\u0131n\u0131n >%70, di\u015fi sperm (sexed semen) ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise bu oran daha az (% 58-73) oranda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Tohumlamadaki di\u011fer bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ise, d\u00fcvelerin %85\u2019inin 3 k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k siklusu sonras\u0131nda gebe kalmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine bu sistemde, devaml\u0131 olarak beslenme uzman\u0131 ve veteriner hekimle s\u00fcrekli temasta olunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fum yapan d\u00fcve canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 612,3 kg ve v\u00fccut kond\u00fcsyon skorunun 5 \u00fczerinden 3,5 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi bu sistemde, abort oran\u0131n\u0131n ise %3 olmas\u0131 normal kabul edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
single Dutch, heifer cow in a field looking, copy space<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Free stall olarak isimlendirilen serbest durakl\u0131 bar\u0131nak sisteminde, d\u00fcveler taban altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kumdan, tala\u015ftan ve lastik-kau\u00e7uk gibi maddelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f temiz-kuru b\u00f6lmelerde yatar-dinlenirler. Hayvanlar istedi\u011fi zaman serbest\u00e7e etrafta dola\u015f\u0131r ve su i\u00e7erler. Otomatik ka\u015fa\u011f\u0131y\u0131 da istedikleri zaman kullan\u0131rlar. Yemleme zaman\u0131 hayvanlar yem yemek i\u00e7in yemliklere gelirler. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00e7iftliklerde bilgisayarl\u0131 yemliklerle (computerized feed bunk) hayvan\u0131n bireysel olarak ne kadar yem t\u00fcketti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. Hayvan, boynunda bulunan tan\u0131t\u0131m kart\u0131 ile yemli\u011fe yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sistem taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131narak yem yemesine izin verilir. Hayvan\u0131n yemli\u011fe ilk geldi\u011fi ve ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanda, yemli\u011fin kendisi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan otomatik tart\u0131m, hayvan\u0131n bireysel olarak ne kadar yem t\u00fcketti\u011fini belirlemektedir. Free stall sisteminde, s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bilgisayarl\u0131 yemlikle birlikte s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in robot ile sa\u011f\u0131m da yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, hayvanlar kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na istedi\u011fi zaman yem yer, su i\u00e7er, sa\u011f\u0131ma gider, dinlenir veya dola\u015f\u0131rlar. D\u00fcvelerin yatt\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lme (yatak) d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131mlar s\u00fcrekli idrar ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile kirlenir ancak gerekli \u00f6nlemlerle temizlenir. Temizleme konusunda bu t\u00fcr alanlarda, otomatik s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve ya manuel temizleyici hatta gezici robot \u015feklindeki temizleme robotlar\u0131 ile s\u00fcrekli temizleme s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu t\u00fcr sistemler yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olup, \u00fclkemizde de yava\u015f yava\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcvelerin bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar cereyan ak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunmu\u015f, temiz hava sa\u011flayan, kuru, temiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k alanda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00fcvelerin r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve g\u00fcne\u015ften koruma sistemleri bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da bahsi ge\u00e7en standartlar, genel d\u00fcve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ile ilgili olup, beslenme ile ilgili di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve detaylar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcve beslemesinde genel stratejiler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcvelerin beslenme d\u00fczeyi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 enerji al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde planlan\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131l\u0131rken, y\u00fcksek miktarda kaba yemin adlibitum d\u00fczeyde yedirilmesi ile veya konsantre yemle birlikte az miktarda kaba yemin, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarda yedirilmesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yemleme ekonomik oldu\u011fu kadar, yemden yararlanmay\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r ve daha az d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 \u00fcretilmesine neden olur. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yemlemede, daha az miktarda yem kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yemin enerji-besin madde i\u00e7eri\u011fi y\u00fcksektir, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle kaba yem oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konsantre kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, genelde %80 oran\u0131nda tah\u0131l tanesi, protein k\u00fcspesi ve yan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden ve kalan %20\u2019lik k\u0131s\u0131m ise kaba yem ve mineral takviyesinden (saplement) olu\u015fur (Beck ve ark., 2005). Bu sistemde yem t\u00fcketimi v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 2-2,3 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve bu d\u00fczeyde besleme 681-908 gram GCAA\u2019n\u0131 destekler niteliktedir (Beck ve ark., 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

D\u00fcve rasyonlar\u0131nda konsantre yemlerin %75 gibi y\u00fcksek oranda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda k\u00f6p\u00fckl\u00fc \u015fi\u015fme (timpani – bloat) \u015fekillenebilir (Zanton ve Heinrichs, 2008). Ancak d\u00fcvelerde konsantre yemin yo\u011fun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yemleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu problem \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ayr\u0131ca, timpani ve k\u00f6p\u00fckl\u00fc \u015fi\u015fmeyi \u00f6nleyen yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 da kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Holstein \u0131rk\u0131 d\u00fcvelere (460 kg CA) 111 g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle e\u015fit enerji ve protein i\u00e7eren rasyonlardan adlibitum, adlibitumun % 90 ve % 80\u2019i (%63 kaba yem, %37 konsantre yem, NDF: %35) oranlar\u0131nda rasyonlar yedirilmi\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonunda az miktarda yem t\u00fcketen d\u00fcvelerin, CA de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin di\u011ferlerine oranla farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, %25 daha fazla yemden yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha az d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 \u00fcrettikleri g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Hoffman ve ark., 2007). Ayni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarda yem t\u00fcketen d\u00fcvelerin laktasyon performans\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi oldu\u011fu, bu d\u00fcvelerden do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131 CA\u2019 lar\u0131n\u0131n ve zor do\u011fum oran\u0131n\u0131n problemsiz oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Hoffman ve ark., 2007). Yap\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada ise (Zanton ve Heinrichs, 2007), 125 kg CA\u2019a sahip d\u00fcvelerin 245 g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle (erginlik \u00f6ncesi t\u00fcm d\u00f6nem) %75 konsantre veya %75 kaba yem i\u00e7eren rasyonlar\u0131 t\u00fcketilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve e\u015fit GCAA sa\u011flayacak derecede yem miktarlar\u0131 yedirilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunda, kontroll\u00fc olarak (sinirli miktar) yedirilen konsantre yemin d\u00fcvelerde, GCAA, iskelet b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131, gebe kalma oran\u0131, puberta ya\u015f\u0131, do\u011fum ya\u015f\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve laktasyon performans\u0131n\u0131 olumlu manada destekledi\u011fi bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcvelerin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yem miktar\u0131 verilerek beslenmesinde tam doyum ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in a\u00e7l\u0131ktan kaynaklanan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f problemleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir (Hoffman ve ark., 2007). D\u00fcveler, ba\u011f\u0131rma ve farkl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar sergileseler dahi bunlar problem olu\u015fturacak d\u00fczeyde asla olmaz ve 7-10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ortadan kalkar (Hoffman ve ark., 2007). S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yemleme sonras\u0131 d\u00fcveler tam yemlemeye ge\u00e7tiklerinde, Rumen kapasitesinin \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk bir zamanda kendini ayarlayarak yem t\u00fcketim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fi bilinmektedir (Dado ve Allen, 1995). Buza\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere d\u00fcve d\u00f6nemi boyunca yemden yararlanma oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Ya\u015f ilerledik\u00e7e yemden yararlanma d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00fct \u0131rk\u0131 d\u00fcvelerin yeti\u015ftirilmesinde d\u00fcnyaca kabul g\u00f6ren uygulamalar mevcuttur. Bu uygulamalardan en \u00f6nemlisi Amerika\u2019da d\u00fcveler i\u00e7in belirlenen standartlard\u0131r. Alt\u0131n Standartlar temelinde, rutin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f paraziter m\u00fccadelenin ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n, b\u00f6lgesel \u015fartlar ve riskler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve do\u011fuma 4-8 hafta kala hastal\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu durumlarda, a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[172,12],"tags":[136,222,135,224],"class_list":["post-1228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sigirbes","category-sigir","tag-besleme","tag-irki","tag-sut","tag-sutcu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1228"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1231,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228\/revisions\/1231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}