{"id":1026,"date":"2024-06-04T16:57:24","date_gmt":"2024-06-04T13:57:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1026"},"modified":"2024-06-06T12:28:02","modified_gmt":"2024-06-06T09:28:02","slug":"sut-ineklerinin-beslenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/?p=1026","title":{"rendered":"S\u00dcT \u0130NEKLER\u0130N\u0130N BESLENMES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 ya\u015f\u0131nda Holstein \u0131rk\u0131 bir s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnde 2 kez sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131larak rekor d\u00fczeyde 305 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcrede 21125 kg s\u00fct verdi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir (Holstein Association, USA, 2013). Bu miktar, g\u00fcnde ortalama yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 kg s\u00fcte denk gelmektedir. Bu miktar s\u00fct\u00fcn elde edilmesi, \u00fclkemizde ve bir\u00e7ok i\u015fletmede ve \u015fartta zor g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, imk\u00e2ns\u0131z de\u011fildir. S\u00fct i\u015fletmelerinde ama\u00e7, hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bozmadan ve s\u00fcr\u00fc devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 temin ederek maksimum s\u00fct verimini elde etmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenin en etkin yollar\u0131ndan biri, uygun beslemedir. S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n beslenmesi, s\u00fct verim ve kalitesiyle direk ilgili olup, ayn\u0131 zamanda reprod\u00fcktif fonksiyonlar i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemlidir. S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n beslenmesi, s\u00fct verimi, reprod\u00fcktif performans ve hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 5 a\u015famada de\u011ferlendirilir (a\u015famal\u0131 besleme Phase Feeding) (Moran, 2005; Linn ve ark., 2008; Block, 2010; Schroeder, 2012a;, Looper, 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Erken laktasyon d\u00f6nemi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pik kuru madde t\u00fcketim d\u00f6nemi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laktasyon orta ve son d\u00f6nemi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi ( clouse-up )<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1027\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek4.jpg 660w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek4-300x168.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1-Erken laktasyon d\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde s\u00fct verimi h\u0131zla artarak 6-8. haftalarda pik d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar (Linn ve ark., 2008; Chiba, 2009; Schroeder, 2012a; Looper, 2012). Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde yem t\u00fcketimi (\u00f6zellikle enerji) ayn\u0131 h\u0131zla artmayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fct verimini tam olarak destekleyemez (Jacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Linn ve ark., 2008). Maksimum yem t\u00fcketimi ancak 12-15 haftalarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu y\u00fczden artan s\u00fct verimini ve enerjiyi kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in v\u00fccut rezervleri (ya\u011flar\u0131) mobilize olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). \u0130yi bir kond\u00fcsyona sahip inek, bu d\u00f6nemde yakla\u015f\u0131k 90-135 kg CA kaybeder (Kellems ve Church, 2002). Bu miktar CA kayb\u0131 700-900 kg s\u00fct verimini kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeydedir (Kellems ve Church, 2002). Enerji ihtiyac\u0131, v\u00fccut rezervlerinden (ya\u011f) s\u00f6k\u00fclerek kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir ise de, protein ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 oranda v\u00fccut protein rezervinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden rasyonda uygun protein oran\u0131 bulunmak zorundad\u0131r (Kellems ve Church, 2002).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/INEK-SAGIM.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/INEK-SAGIM.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1047\" style=\"width:426px;height:auto\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde rasyon, s\u00fct verimine uygun olarak dengelenmelidir (Linn ve ark., 2008; Schroeder, 2012a; Looper, 2012). Do\u011fumdan sonraki g\u00fcn ba\u015flamak \u00fczere tane yemi g\u00fcnde 454 gram art\u0131rmak, yem t\u00fcketimini art\u0131r\u0131r ve asidoz problemlerini minimize eder (Linn ve ark., 2008). Tane yemin h\u0131zla art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 asidozise neden olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi abomazum deplasman problemi de olu\u015fturur (Jacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Linn ve ark., 2008 Chiba, 2009). Toplam KM\u2019nin %60\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n tane yem i\u00e7ermesi durumunda asidoz \u015fekillenir ve s\u00fct ya\u011f oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemdeki rasyonda, ADF %18\u2019den NFD ise %28\u2019den az olmamal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemdeki rasyon toplam NDF\u2019sinin en az %75\u2019i (veya NDF\u2019nin en az %21\u2019i) kaba yemden gelmelidir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Yine bu d\u00f6nemde kullan\u0131lacak rasyondaki kaba yemin %20\u2019sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu ruminasyonu stimule edecek uzunlukta &gt;5,1 cm kadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemdeki protein ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, yem t\u00fcketimini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gibi, s\u00fct \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in v\u00fccut rezervlerinin daha az harekete ge\u00e7mesinide sa\u011flar. Rasyon proteini %19 ve daha fazlas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyonda &nbsp;kullan\u0131lacak protein tipi (RDP veya RUP) i\u00e7in belirlenen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, 23 litre ve yukar\u0131s\u0131 s\u00fct veriminden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, her 4,5 litre ilave s\u00fct verimi i\u00e7in 450 gram soya k\u00fcspesi veya denk protein saplementi kullanmakt\u0131r (Linn ve ark, 2008). Rasyonda \u00fcre kullan\u0131lacak ise, m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 ile birlikte verilmesi veya tane yemlerle birlikte kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir (Linn ve ark., 2008) Hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131labilecek \u00fcre miktar\u0131, rasyon proteininin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu durumlarda 90 gram kadard\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde yem t\u00fcketiminin yeteri d\u00fczeye ula\u015famamas\u0131, pik s\u00fct verimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr ve ketozise neden olabilir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Pik s\u00fct verimindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ise laktasyon baz\u0131nda \u00f6nemli s\u00fct verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olur (Linn ve ark., 2008). Pik d\u00f6nemdeki 1 litre s\u00fct kayb\u0131 (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc) toplamda laktasyon d\u00f6neminde 220 litre kay\u0131p demektir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yem t\u00fcketiminin te\u015fvik edilmesi gerekir (Jacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Linn ve ark, 2008). Bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, bu d\u00f6nemde kaliteli kaba yem kullan\u0131lmal\u0131 yeteri protein miktar ve t\u00fcr\u00fc (RDP ve RUP) kullan\u0131lmal\u0131, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 tane yem t\u00fcketimini dereceli ve sabit oranda art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcnde 450-680 gram ya\u011f kullan\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli, ineklerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yemin s\u00fcrekli bulunmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131lmal\u0131 (adlibitum) ve stres olu\u015fturacak etkenler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1028\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-2.jpg 760w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-2-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2-Pik kuru madde t\u00fcketim d\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0130neklerin bu d\u00f6nemde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzun s\u00fcre pik s\u00fct veriminde kalmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde yem t\u00fcketimi neredeyse maksimum d\u00fczeye ula\u015f\u0131r ve s\u00fct verimini destekler d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar ( Lacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Holstein Foundation Inc., 2003; Linn ve ark., 2008: Chiba, 2009). \u0130nekler, bu d\u00f6nemde v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybetmeyi durdurarak art\u0131k kaybetmemeye (sabitleme) hatta bir miktar CAA g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flarlar (Linn ve ark., 2008). Tane yem t\u00fcketimi v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %2,5\u2019ine ula\u015fabilir ancak bu miktar\u0131 ge\u00e7memelidir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Rasyon KM\u2019sinin %55-60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n tane yemden olu\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda, problem olacak rumen \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark, 2008). Bu konudaki \u00f6nlem, rasyonun %40\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n fiber olmayan karbondihratlardan (ni\u015fasta, \u015feker, beta-glukan) gelmemesidir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde de kaba yem kalitesi y\u00fcksek olmal\u0131 ve KM baz\u0131nda v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az %1,5\u2019i kadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008; Looper, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6r\u00fclen problemler, s\u00fct veriminde h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, gizli k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k veya k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi ve ketozisdir (Holstein Foundation Inc., 2003; Linn ve ark., 2008; Schroeder, 2012a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde de yem t\u00fcketimini maksimize etmek amac\u0131yla, kaba ve konsantre yemin g\u00fcnde birka\u00e7 seferde yedirilmesi, \u00e7ok kaliteli yemlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcre kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcnde 90 gramla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131n stresten uzak tutulmas\u0131 gelmektedir (Linn ve ark., 2008),<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/global-90i.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/global-90i.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/global-90i.jpg 720w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/global-90i-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3-Laktasyon orta ve son d\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sorunsuz atlat\u0131labilecek bir d\u00f6nemdir (Jacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde s\u00fct verimi azal\u0131r (her ay %8-10 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131yla olmal\u0131), inekler gebeliklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler ve yem t\u00fcketimi kolayca ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeyde; hatta fazlas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir (Holstein Foundation Inc.2003; Linn ve ark., 2008; Chiba, 2009). Tane yem t\u00fcketimi, s\u00fct verimini kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeyde ve erken laktasyondaki kilo kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 kapatacak \u015fekilde olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Ancak, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011flanmaya da izin verilmemelidir (Linn ve ark., 2008; Schroeder, 2012a). Laktasyondaki bir inek, kuru d\u00f6nemdeki bir ine\u011fe oranla daha az yem ile ayn\u0131 v\u00fccut dokusunu (kilo) kazanabilir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Gen\u00e7 ineklerin b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7in ilave besin madde-enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r (2 ya\u015f\u0131ndakiler ya\u015fama pay\u0131n\u0131n %20 fazlas\u0131, 3 ya\u015f\u0131ndakiler ise %10 fazlas\u0131) (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fcre kullan\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir (Linn ve ark., 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4-Kuru d\u00f6nem do\u011fuma 60 g\u00fcn kala (far-off) &#8211; do\u011fuma 14 g\u00fcn kalan d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Laktason verimi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahip bir d\u00f6nemdir (Holstein Foundation 2003 Linn ve ark., 2008; Chiba, 2009). Bu d\u00f6nemin iyi y\u00f6netilmesi ve do\u011fru besleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131, laktasyondaki s\u00fct verimini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gibi, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 problemleri de minimum d\u00fczeye indirir (Linn ve ark., 2008; Schroeder, 2012a).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/duve.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/duve.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/duve.jpg 750w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/duve-300x160.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde v\u00fccut ag\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %2\u2019si kadar yem t\u00fcketimi (KM baz\u0131nda), ya\u015fama pay\u0131, f\u00f6tr\u00fcs\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve di\u011fer ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 tamamlar miktardad\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008; Linn, 2011). KM t\u00fcketimi, do\u011fumdan 21 g\u00fcn \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere do\u011fuma 2-3 g\u00fcn kalana kadar 10,00-10,90 kg\/g\u00fcn olmas\u0131 arzu edilir (Linn, 2011). Bu d\u00f6nemde kaba yem t\u00fcketimi, v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az %1\u2019i kadar veya rasyon KM\u2019sinin %50\u2019si kadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r. (Linn ve ark., 2008). Tane yem miktar\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu kadar ancak v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %1\u2019ini ge\u00e7meyecek miktarda olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Kuru d\u00f6nemde, genelde v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %0,5-0,8\u2019i kadar tane yem yeterli olmaktad\u0131r (Adams ve ark., 1996, Linn ve ark., 2008). Kuru d\u00f6nemde ineklerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, rasyonun sadece m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda veya enerji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin di\u011fer yemlerin rasyonda bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, KM t\u00fcketiminin v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %2\u2019sinden az olmas\u0131 gerekir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 ya\u011flanmaya neden olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaba yem KM\u2019sinin %50\u2019sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmamal\u0131d\u0131r (Adams ve ark., 1996; Heinrichs ve ark., 1996). Bu d\u00f6nemde kalitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaba yemlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, KM t\u00fcketimini bir miktar s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131racakt\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Yem t\u00fcketiminin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, rasyonun dengeli olmas\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmelidir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Kuru d\u00f6nemde rasyon enerjisi 1,32 Mcal\/kg olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn, 2008; Schroeder, 2012a). Baklagil kaba yemleri, toplam kaba yem KM\u2019sinin en \u00e7ok %30-50\u2019si kadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Adams ve ark., 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bu d\u00f6nemde rasyon HP d\u00fczeyi en az %12 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ca ve P rasyon d\u00fczeyleri ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeyde ancak asla fazla olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. (Linn ve ark, 2008). \u00c7o\u011fu inek i\u00e7in bu d\u00f6nemde, g\u00fcnde 60-80 gram Ca 30-40 gram\/P yeterli olmaktad\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008, Schroeder, 2012a). Kuru d\u00f6nemde rasyonun Ca d\u00fczeyinin %0.6 ve P d\u00fczeyinin %0,4 den fazla olmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00fct hummas\u0131 problemi riski artmaktad\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008) Buza\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, e\u015fin at\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve s\u00fct hummas\u0131 problemlerinin daha az g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla, rasyonda A, D ve E vitaminleri yeterince bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Selenyum gibi \u00f6zel minerallerin bu d\u00f6nemde rasyona ilavesi faydal\u0131 bir uygulamad\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kuru d\u00f6nemde ya\u011fl\u0131 ineklerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen problemler, hipokalsemi, abomasum deplasman\u0131, e\u015fin at\u0131lmamas\u0131, ya\u011fl\u0131 inek sendromu (ya\u011fl\u0131 karaci\u011fer), i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k ve di\u011fer metabolik problemlerdir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu y\u00fczden, ineklerin ya\u011flanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, rasyon enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yemlemeden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir (Jacobs ve Hargreaves, 2002; Holstein Foundation Inc., 2003; Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemin ba\u015far\u0131 ile atlat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ileride problemlerin g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi i\u00e7in, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Ca-P al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi meme \u00f6demlerini azaltmak i\u00e7in Na miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmamas\u0131, tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131n 28,35 gram\/ba\u015f\/g\u00fcn\u2019den fazla olmamas\u0131 ve do\u011fuma 2 hafta kala ge\u00e7i\u015f rasyonuna ba\u015flanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir (Linn ve ark., 2008; Looper 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5-Ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi (close-up): do\u011fuma son 14 g\u00fcn kala d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Sut-Sigirlarinda-Kuru-Donem-ve-Gecis-Donemi-1024x576-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Sut-Sigirlarinda-Kuru-Donem-ve-Gecis-Donemi-1024x576-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Sut-Sigirlarinda-Kuru-Donem-ve-Gecis-Donemi-1024x576-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Sut-Sigirlarinda-Kuru-Donem-ve-Gecis-Donemi-1024x576-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Sut-Sigirlarinda-Kuru-Donem-ve-Gecis-Donemi-1024x576-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Laktasyon rasyonuna haz\u0131rl\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve metabolik problemlerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla do\u011fuma 2 hafta kala inek ve d\u00fcveler kritik bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemine tabi tutulurlar (Holstein Foundation Inc., 2003; Linn ve ark 2008; Chiba, 2009). Kuru d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flar\u0131nda tane yem rasyona girilmemi\u015f ise bu d\u00f6nemde tane yemler verilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r (Linn ve ark, 2008 Laktasyon rasyonunda \u00f6nemli oranda konsantre yem kullan\u0131lmas\u0131&nbsp; gerekti\u011finden, kuru d\u00f6nemin sonunda (close-up) inekleri bu t\u00fcr bir rasyona haz\u0131rlamak gerekir (Holstein Foundation Inc., 2003; Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu haz\u0131rl\u0131k daha \u00e7ok rumen mikroorganizmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilgili yeme adaptasyonu da demektir (Hurhans ve Bell, 1998; Linn ve ark., 2008). Sadece konsantre yem de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda laktasyonda kullan\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok rasyon bile\u015feninin ge\u00e7 d\u00f6neminde rasyona ilavesi, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 rasyon de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi stresin azaltmaktad\u0131r (Hurhans ve Bell, 1998; Linn ve ark., 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Close-up d\u00f6neminde rumen mikroorganizma adaptasyonunu sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 2725-4540 gram\/bas\/g\u00fcn tane yemin rasyonda bulunmas\u0131 gerekir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Tane yemin adaptasyonu g\u00fcnde en \u00e7ok 500 gram art\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde kullan\u0131lacak tane yem t\u00fcr\u00fc laktasyon i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan rasyonda kullan\u0131lacak tane yemle ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark.2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde rasyon HP d\u00fczeyi %14-15 olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Drackley, 1998; Hurhans ve Bell, 1998; Linn ve ark., 2008). Fet\u00fcs b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in ilave by-pass (AUP) protein verilmesi faydal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Rasyondaki ya\u011f 113 gram ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Rasyondaki fazla ya\u011f, yem t\u00fcketimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Ruminasyonu st\u00fcmile etmek i\u00e7in uzun boylu kaba yemlerden 2725-4540 gram\/ba\u015f\/g\u00fcn vermek gerekir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Bu d\u00f6nemde m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 veya laktasyon rasyonu kullan\u0131lacak ise, KM t\u00fcketiminin v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %1\u2019ini ge\u00e7meyecek miktarda olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Linn ve ark., 2008). Meme \u00f6demlerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi durumunda rasyondaki tuzu \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekir (Linn ve ark., 2008). Laktasyon d\u00f6neminde, ketozis problemi i\u00e7in niasin ve hipokalsemi problemi i\u00e7in anyonik tuz kullan\u0131lacak ise, bu yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 close-up d\u00f6neminde rasyona girilmelidir (Linn ve ark. 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do\u011fuma sadece 24 saat kala gereken enerji ile hemen do\u011fum sonras\u0131ndaki enerji ihtiyac\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck fark vard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, yani bir gecedeki enerji ihtiyac\u0131 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Drackley, 2005). Bu manada, do\u011fumdan sonra enerji ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n yemle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 adeta imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki, bu ge\u00e7i\u015fte yem t\u00fcketimi art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr (Drackley, 2005). Bu y\u00fczden ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla do\u011fum sonras\u0131nda v\u00fccut rezervleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik i\u00e7in v\u00fccutta metabolik bir adaptasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Bu adaptasyonu sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu d\u00fczeyi bu d\u00f6nemde artmakta ve ya\u011f dokuda lipolitik faaliyetleri art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sinyaller (n\u00f6repinefrin) h\u0131zlanmaktad\u0131r (Grum ve ark., 1996). Bunun bir sonucu olarak, ya\u011f dokuda esterifiye olmayan ya\u011f asit (NEFA) (serbest ya\u011f asitleri) d\u00fczeyi y\u00fckselerek karaci\u011ferde keton cisimlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte ve alternatif enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Drackley, 2005). Keton cisimleri, suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok dokuda glikozun yerine kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle glikozun daha \u00f6nemli fonksiyonlarda (s\u00fctte laktoz sentezi gibi) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar (Drackley, 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do\u011fuma 7-14 g\u00fcn kala KM t\u00fcketimi yakla\u015f\u0131k %10-30 civar\u0131nda azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, rasyon yo\u011funlu\u011funun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla ayn\u0131 miktarda yemle daha fazla enerji-besin maddesi sa\u011flanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (Drackley, 2005). Yem t\u00fcketimindeki bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc telafi etmek amac\u0131yla, close-up rasyonundaki enerji ve proteinin s\u0131ras\u0131yla 0,2 Mcal\/kg KM ve %2 oran\u0131nda art\u0131rmak gerekir (Drackley, 2005). Bunu sa\u011flaman\u0131n yolu, rasyondaki kaba yem oran\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken, konsantre yem oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Kaliteli kaba yemlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, rasyon enerji yo\u011funlu\u011funun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r (Drackley, 2005). Yine rasyon enerjisini art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, \u015feker pancari posas\u0131 ve m\u0131s\u0131r gluten yemi gibi sindirimi y\u00fcksek yem sanayi yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, rasyon enerjisini art\u0131rmaya katk\u0131da bulunurlar (Drackley, 2005). Bu t\u00fcr bir beslenme rejiminin close-up d\u00f6nemi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn kuru d\u00f6nem s\u00fcresince uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 faydadan \u00e7ok zarar getirmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu besleme rejimi sadece close-up d\u00f6neminde uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fumda 4\u2019ten daha y\u00fcksek VKS\u2019ye sahip inekler, hem g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum ve metabolik problemlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar hem de do\u011fumdan sonra daha az yem t\u00fcketirler (Drackley, 2005; Schroeder, 2012a).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3-1024x461.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1029\" style=\"width:556px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3-1024x461.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3-768x346.jpg 768w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3-1536x691.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/inek-3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KAYNAK:<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 ya\u015f\u0131nda Holstein \u0131rk\u0131 bir s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnde 2 kez sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131larak rekor d\u00fczeyde 305 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcrede 21125 kg s\u00fct verdi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir (Holstein Association, USA, 2013). Bu miktar, g\u00fcnde ortalama yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 kg s\u00fcte denk gelmektedir. Bu miktar s\u00fct\u00fcn elde edilmesi, \u00fclkemizde ve bir\u00e7ok i\u015fletmede ve \u015fartta zor g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, imk\u00e2ns\u0131z de\u011fildir. S\u00fct i\u015fletmelerinde [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[172,12],"tags":[136,70,19,137],"class_list":["post-1026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sigirbes","category-sigir","tag-besleme","tag-beslenme","tag-hayvan","tag-rasyon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1026"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1052,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1026\/revisions\/1052"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veteriner.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}